Self-determination claims have unique root causes, encompassing a wide range of issues: economic or resource control, leadership interests, quests for sovereignty by communities with lingering interethnic problems, and historical grievance to name a few. To complicate analysis of self-determination, the international response to claims also exhibits diversity, from suppression and domination to deliberate manipulation and incitement as well as outside power involvement.
The international community, still possessing the attitudes and strategies toward self-determination that were developed before and during the Cold War, has rarely responded effectively or consistently to contemporary claims.
Neither has it acted in a timely fashion or shown much innovation. A distinguishing feature of self-determination conflicts that makes them difficult to resolve is their inherent combination of three overlapping disputes over identity, territory, and governance. Self-determination claimant groups articulate the importance of a shared identity-often ethnic, tribal, or religious in origin-as the basis of their claim.
This perception of distinct identity, and the desire to preserve that identity, compels the group to become or remain politically active. In other words, part of the inherent conflict concerns the distinctiveness of the group relative to other communities and to the central authorities and how that separate identity should actuate in the political process. Further complicating self-determination claims is the link between this identity of the group and a particular defined piece of territory.
The claim may originate from a sense of entitlement to the territory-based on historical grievance, religious importance, or economic motivation-or a desire to be free of 'alien domination'. In either case, the claim necessarily involves a desire to control a parcel of land or share in the distribution of its resources. This could include secessionist or state-shattering claims to take a piece of territory and leave an existing state , state-unifying claims Germany, e. Third, underlying the identity and territorial claims is a deep-rooted governance dispute: who rules and how.
A self-determination claim often emanates from grievances linking identity with governance; for example, political or economic discrimination aimed at a certain ethnic, religious, tribal group. In certain self-determination struggles, economic hardships or perceived injustices have been persistent over long periods of time, lending explosive input into a community's search for independence.
These feelings of repression or being permanently disadvantaged may spawn the desire within the group to govern themselves, free from the oppressive exercise of sovereignty by 'others. The work of the High Commissioner on National Minorities HCNM of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe exemplifies one positive-albeit limited in geographic scope-approach to self-determination in the contemporary era.
Initiated as a conflict prevention mechanism, the office of the High Commissioner addresses minorities issues within states as a potential threat to the stability of states-members and to regional security. Rather than treating these cases under the rubric of classical self-determination, the HCNM's solutions favor integrating diversity and increasing participation within existing borders.
While the HCNM infrequently uses the phrase self-determination with all its Wilsonian and de-colonization baggage, the emphasis in over a decade of practical applications has been on increasing internal self-determination while avoiding resort to external self-determination.
In other words, as a exemplar of a contemporary approach to self-determination issues, the HCNM addresses underlying issues with a double-edged conflict prevention sword. To avert internal conflict from dissatisfied minorities, the HCNM encourages greater recognition of, dialogue with, and participation from the minority within the existing state, thereby addressing governance issues see the Lund Recommendations on the Effective Participation of National Minorities in Public Life.
This approach focuses on the group's identity and increasing internal self-determination. To prevent the regional and possible international ramifications attendant with changes in recognized international borders, the HCNM favors solutions that do not redraw boundaries: avoiding external self-determination by creatively defusing territorial issues. Married with increasing theoretical emphasis on the human rights-security nexus and the role of legitimate governance in conflict prevention, the HCNM's practical approach reflects an ongoing trend in contemporary understandings of self-determination: coupling minority rights and participation with preserving the territorial integrity of existing states to ward off both internal and external conflict.
This broader approach of accommodating minorities without changing borders appears in several forms outside the purview of the HCNM as well: UN Working Group on National Minorities, peacebuilding efforts such as Kosovo. Another practical solution that holds promise for satisfying the aspirations of the community looking for greater independence while enabling the state to continue existence within its sovereign boundaries is a combination of self-governance-maximum autonomy-and regional integration, underscored by the acceptance of multiple identities.
This approach addresses both the desires of the group making the self-determination claim as well as broader international security concerns of great powers and other states who generally resist the creation of new states in the international system.
Instead of secession of territorial division, this approach seeks to maximize a group's voice in political affairs without redrawing international borders, thus striking a theoretical balance between self-determination and territorial integrity. It addresses the underlying identity by promoting the group's identity within the context of multiple layers of identity: local, national, state, supranational.
Attention to governance issues through enhanced autonomy balances with extraterritorial regional opportunities to mitigate territory issues. Imagine a person who fails to complete an important project at work. If this person is high in self-determination, they will admit their fault, believe that they can do something to fix the problem and take action to correct the mistake.
If that same person was low in self-determination, they might instead look for other things that they can blame. They might make excuses, assign blame, or refuse to admit that their own role. Most importantly, perhaps, is that this person won't feel motivated to fix the mistake. Instead, they might feel helpless to control the situation and believe that nothing that they do will have any real effect.
It is important to realize that the psychological growth described by self-determination theory does not simply happen automatically. While people might be oriented toward such growth, it requires continual sustenance. Ryan and Deci have suggested that the tendency to be either proactive or passive is largely influenced by the social conditions in which people are raised.
Social support is key. Through our relationships and interactions with others, we can either foster or thwart well-being and personal growth. While social support is important, there are other factors that can also help or hinder the three elements needed for growth.
While extrinsic and intrinsic motivation are often portrayed as separate and distinct, behavior is complex and people are rarely driven to act by a single source of motivation. People may often draw on multiple sources of motivation in the pursuit of a goal.
If you are training to compete in a marathon, for example, you might be extrinsically motivated by a desire to gain approval from others as well as intrinsically motivated by the satisfaction you gain from the activity itself. Rather than thinking of motivation as being driven by either extrinsic or intrinsic rewards, it is often helpful to view it as a continuum between self-determined and non-self-determined behaviors:.
In most cases, behaviors tend to lie somewhere in the middle of the continuum. There is often a varying amount of external motivation, which can also fuel a degree of internal motivation.
People may engage in actions because they feel they have some level of personal control and the behaviors ultimately align with something that is important for self-concept. Most actions are not purely self-determined or non-self-determined.
Instead, actions often rely on a certain degree of self-determination that may also be influenced by extrinsic motivations. Self-determination can play an important role in how people function in many different areas of their lives. Feeling in control and intrinsically motivated can help people feel more committed, passionate, interested, and satisfied with the things that they do.
People who feel that they are able to have a positive effect at work tend to feel more engaged and motivated. How else can employers build self-determination in their workers? In competitive settings such as sports and athletics, fostering a sense of self-determination can inspire people to excel. Researchers have also found that people who have an internal sense of control are also more likely to stick to a regular exercise regimen.
I went into the audition as Fericito, the Venezuelan percussionist, and then I did a self-defense expert. Those who come to the Dinner Party are self-selecting; they do want to talk about it. Let the thought of self pass in, and the beauty of great action is gone, like the bloom from a soiled flower. Now this setting up of an orderly law-abiding self seems to me to imply that there are impulses which make for order.
At present, Louis was too self-absorbed by the struggles within him, to look deep into what was passing around him. A country that was civilized possessed a sense of nationhood, and as such displayed the political and moral capacity for self - determination. The focus is on self - determination and the aim for participants is the more radical one of 'liberation'.
Such a cultural orientation would downplay traditional notions of self - determination and the work ethic. There is still disagreement as to which areas of policy are parts of the right to internal self - determination of indigenous peoples. The idea of bodily self - determination based on ownership seems to bring the human body into line with other pieces of private property. Generally speaking, the human body and its parts were not viewed as commodities, even within the framework of the property paradigm of maximum bodily self - determination.
The principle of informed consent is recognition of an individual's right to self - determination , autonomy. However, the emergence of diversity in lifestyles indicates the existence of a greater margin of self - determination for individuals. It conveys a counterintuitive view about the relationship between citizens and the state and denies any true right of self - determination. Differentiating autonomy from individualism and independence : a self - determination theory perspective on internalisation of cultural orientations and well-being.
First, that self - determination is impossible unless we presuppose an individual located within a community otherwise choice can never "get off the ground". In the voting case, my obligation to vote derives from our collective project of realizing our civic freedom through collective self - determination. Obviously, this result would be extremely dangerous from the point of view of women's rights to privacy and self - determination.
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